推荐回答(1个)
“尼米兹”级舰同以前的航母一样,由其自身发展的要求,选择了不利于阻力的肥大船型。就其内部居住性标准而言也不高。重量分配是航母设计师颇费心计的问题。
从“福莱斯特”号以后的超级航母虽然排水量不断增大,但吃水变化很小,而是在长度和宽度上增加。这种变化一是受港口和船坞水深条件的限制,二是获得了有利飞行作业的尽可能长的甲板长度和宽度,即扩大了飞行甲板的面积。
在船体构造上也与前述的航母一致。机库甲板以下为水密结构,共分8层甲板(含双层底)。其型深为19.51米。两舷侧由底至机库甲板都采用古老的防雷隔舱结构,在内外两舰体之间有4道纵向隔壁。
这种防护型式在二战中被证明是行之有效地,只不过现在更加发展了,将其延伸至水线以上,使机库两侧也形成双层防御结构。沿舰长每隔12~13米便设一道水密横隔壁,共23道,并设有10道防火隔壁。从而形成了2000多个水密隔舱,就是这2000多个水密隔舱保证了舰的不沉性。在这些舱中采用空、实相间的措施,增强了舰的抗损能力。二战时,这些舱中就装淡水和舰用燃油。
现今,由于JP-5的性能较温和,是一种相对安全的燃料,所以在核动力航母的翼舱中也设有航空燃料舱,从而大大提高了航空燃油的装载量。两侧多层设置空、实相间隔舱和X形吸能支撑结构,以及HY-80以上的高强度结构钢,形成了航空母舰的坚固的被动防御体系。
甲板
飞行甲板距水面高为19.11米,距基线高为30.63米。由基线至桅顶高为74.37米。共有舱室3360间。从“福莱斯特”级以后的航母均采用闭式机库,飞行甲板为强力甲板,参加全舰的总纵强度。为此,即保证了高性能飞机着舰的要求,也解决了舰体加长后出现的舰体梁的纵向强度问题。
在舰体内,动力装置、弹药库等重要舱室布置在一个装甲箱体内,以防受损危及舰的生命。机库甲板至飞行甲板占4个甲板层高,为11.13m。机库占3个甲板层高,长度占水线长的66%。机库的周围布置航空车间。机库顶部为吊舱甲板(日本人称高射炮甲板)。
飞行甲板至吊舱甲板之间的广阔空间为航空联队的办公区。集中在飞行甲板舯部右舷侧的上层建筑被称为“岛”。在这里布置有司令舰桥、航海舰桥和飞行舰桥,实施对全舰飞行作业和舰队的指挥。此外,许多雷达等电子天线设置在其上,是全舰重要的中枢区。
装甲
马岛海战时对美航空母舰的发展影响很大。由于防御的加强,故排水量一增再增,现已突破10万吨大关。飞行甲板进一步强化,增设了消防装置和新设了呼吸装置。“林肯”号和“华盛顿”号在增加飞行甲板装甲的同时,在舰桥等处增设了防御装甲。
目前,在“罗斯福”号以后的舰,在弹药库的舷侧增加了63.5毫米厚的克夫拉装甲板,在弹药库和机舱顶部同样也增设了该型装甲板,形成箱形防御结构。在“华盛顿”号以后的航母舰桥上增设了这种弹片防御装甲。CVN74号舰以后,采用高强度低合金钢HSLA-100建造。这种钢能使结构变轻,有利于防御弹片。
锚舵
该级航母设有2个锚,每个重30吨。锚链每环重163.3千克。4个5叶螺旋桨,直径为6.40米,每个重为30028.32千克。共有2个舵,每个重65.5吨。空调装置的容量足够800多个家庭用。每天制淡水1514m3(400000加仑)。
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