推荐回答(2个)
金属指示剂僵化现象:
概念:如果指示剂与金属离子的配合物MIn形成胶体或沉淀,在用EDTA滴定到达计量点时,EDTA置换指示剂的作用缓慢,引起终点的拖长,这种现象称为指示剂的僵化现象。
2.产生原因:MIn为胶体或沉淀,使MY计量点时,Y置换出In的缓慢。
3.消除方法:加入合适的有机溶剂,加热,接近终点时放慢滴定速度并剧烈振荡。
金属指示剂的封闭现象、僵化现象、氧化现象:
( 1 ) 封闭现象
某些金属离子与指示剂形成的络合物较其与 EDTA 的络合物更稳定。如果溶液中存在着这些金属离子,即使滴定已经到达计量点,甚至过量 EDTA 也不能夺取出 MIn 络合物中的金属离子而使游离的指示剂 In 释放出来,因而看不到滴定终点应有的颜色突变。
这种现象称为指示剂的封闭现象。如果是被测离子导致的封闭,应选择更适宜的指示剂;如果是由共存的其它金属离子导致的封闭,则应采取适当的掩蔽剂掩蔽干扰离子的影响。
( 2 )僵化现象
有些指示剂或 MIn 络合物在水中的溶解度较小,或因 MIn 只稍逊于 MY 的稳定性,致使 EDTA 与 MIn 之间的置换反应速率缓慢,终点拖长或颜色变化很不敏锐。
这种现象称为指示剂的僵化现象。克服僵化现象的措施是选择更合适的指示剂或适当加热,提高络合物的溶解度并加快滴定终点时置换反应的速度。
( 3 ) 氧化变质现象
金属指示剂大多是分子中含有许多双键的有机染料,易被日光、空气和氧化剂所分解;有些指示剂在水溶液中不稳定,日久会因氧化或聚合而变质。这种现象称为指示剂的氧化变质现象。
克服氧化变质现象的措施一般有二种:
一是加入适宜的还原剂防止其氧化,或加入三乙醇胺以防止其聚合;
二是配成固溶体,即以 NaCl 为稀释剂,按质量比 1:100 配成固体混合物使用,这样减小氧化变质的速度,可以保存更长的时间。
金属指示剂的封闭,僵化现象及其消除
1.封闭现象
(1) 概念 :当滴定到达计量点时,虽滴入足量的EDTA也不能从金属离子与指示剂配合物MIn中置换出指示剂而显示颜色变化,这种现象称为指示剂封闭现象.
(2) 产生原因:一是MIn较MY稳定,过量Y难以置换出In;二是MIn的颜色变化不可逆引起.
(3) 消除方法:由被滴金属离子本身引起的,可以采用返滴定法避免;由于其它金属离子引起的,需设法使这些金属离子不发生作用(掩蔽或分离)
2.僵化现象
(1) 概念:如果指示剂与金属离子的配合物MIn形成胶体或沉淀,在用EDTA滴定到达计量点时,EDTA置换指示剂的作用缓慢,引起终点的拖长,这种现象称为指示剂的僵化现象.
(2) 产生原因:MIn为胶体或沉淀 ,使MY计量点时,Y置换出In的缓慢.
(3) 消除方法:加入合适的有机溶剂;加热;接近终点时放慢滴定速度并剧烈振荡
3.氧化变质现象
金属指示剂大多是分子中含有许多双键的有机染料,易被日光、空气和氧化剂所分解;有些指示剂在水溶液中不稳定,日久会因氧化或聚合而变质.这种现象称为指示剂的氧化变质现象.克服氧化变质现象的措施一般有二种:一是加入适宜的还原剂防止其氧化,或加入三乙醇胺以防止其聚合;二是配成固溶体,即以 NaCl 为稀释剂,按质量比 1:100 配成固体混合物使用,这样减小氧化变质的速度,可以保存更长的时间.
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