提高枣坐果率的措施有哪些?

2025-03-29 21:16:21
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

枣落花落果严重,坐果率低,这与枣树物候期严重重叠、营养消耗多、各器官对养分竞争剧烈有关,也与立地条件、管理水平和气候条件有关。提高枣坐果率的根本措施就是加强土肥水管理,改善树体的营养状况。在此基础上采取一系列其他栽培技术措施,使树体养分得到合理分配,为枣树授粉受精提供适宜的条件。目前主要措施有开甲、摘心、花期喷水、喷激素、花期放蜂等。

1.开甲

即环状剥皮。作用是切断韧皮部,阻止光合产物向根部运输,提高地上部营养水平,缓解枝叶生长和开花坐果对养分的竞争,从而提高坐果率。枣树开甲一般在初花期和盛花期(6月上中旬)进行。

初次开甲的树,在距地面20~30cm处的树干上进行。甲口部位应选平整光滑处,先用镰刀在该部位刮一圈老树皮,宽约2cm,深度以露出韧皮部为度。然后用开甲刀或菜刀在刮皮处绕树干环切两道,深达木质部,将两切口间的韧皮部剥掉。两切口的距离称甲口宽度,一般为0.3~0.7cm,因树龄、树势、管理水平不同而异。大树、壮树宜宽,幼树、弱树宜窄。一般要求甲口在1个月左右愈合。由于连年开甲而树势明显转弱者,应停甲养树。

开甲后应注意甲口保护,以防虫害,使甲口适时愈合。一般采用涂药、抹泥和绑塑料薄膜等方法。涂药是于开甲后每隔1周左右,在甲口内涂杀虫剂,常用药剂有50%“1605”50~100倍液、25%久效磷50~1000倍液、25%的西维因50倍液。甲口抹泥是于开甲15d以后,用泥将甲口抹平,既防甲口虫,又增加湿度,有利甲口愈合。绑塑料薄膜是于开甲后在甲口处缠缚塑料薄膜,起到了保护甲口、有利于愈合的作用。

2.花期放蜂

枣树异花授粉坐果率高。枣园花期放蜂,通过蜜蜂传播花粉,提高异花授粉率,故能提高坐果率。通常花期放蜂能提高坐果率1倍,高者达3~4倍,增产效果明显。

3.花期喷水

枣树花期常遇干旱天气,影响枣树的授粉受精,造成严重减产。因此,花期干旱时喷水,可提高坐果率。

4.花期喷植物生长调节剂和微量元素

有些植物生长调节剂和微量元素可刺激花粉萌发,促进花粉管伸长,或刺激单性结实、促进幼果发育。因此,花期喷施这些物质可提高坐果率。常用的植物调节剂和微量元素喷施浓度为赤霉素(GA3)10~20mg/kg、2,4-D10~20mg/kg、稀土(NL-1)300mg/kg、吲哚乙酸(IAA)10~30mg/kg、萘乙酸(NAA)20~30mg/kg、硼酸钠0.3%、KT-3010~30mg/kg。

5.摘心

夏季对枣头一次枝、二次枝或枣吊进行摘心可明显提高坐果率。一般来说,摘心程度越重,坐果率越高。

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