关于战象的历史和资料。 急~~~
就是《最后一头战象》沈石溪的那个
推荐回答(1个)
中国云南等地民族多有使象者,《史记·大宛列传》载:“有乘象国,名曰滇越”。唐贞元十年,南诏王异牟寻欢迎唐使袁滋,就是“先饰象12头引前”,次才为马队、乐队。据傣文《泐史》载:公元1180年,傣族首领叭真统一西双版纳时,“有白象九千条”,可见象之多。《明史·云南土司》:“景东部皆僰种,性淳朴,习弩射,以象战。”明朝对云南的几次用兵,都有和土蛮战象作战的记载。如明洪武二十一年甲辰麓川之战、明万历年间邓子龙平定滇西之战,都曾遇到过象阵。其中万历年间邓子龙平定滇西之战,在山道间设伏,以劲弩火箭一举打垮番酋象群,并以击毙之象“烹以享士”,犒劳三军。天启年间,在平定滇东盗匪的一次战斗中有头象“喷鼻中泥水作云雾,直挫贼锋”,“复卷一悍贼掷天坠地,蹴踏如糜”,后此象中毒矢而亡,军民感动其功为它立象冢于马龙山南,并有墓志铭载其功绩,此墓至今仍存。李定国在云南抗清时,军中也用大象以作战和运输。
古代云南真的有象兵的存在,以下引用来自CCTV西部频道:据史书记载,在古代云南德宏傣族自治州是一个大象成群的地方,因此德宏州的代名词又称为“古乘象国”。傣族的先民驯化大象,用于乘骑、作战、运输。更有趣的是在古代就有专门统领象兵的高级军事将领,这类似于中国封建中央朝廷的“大司马”。 德州的位置恰好就是三国时期的南蛮地区,所以,三国时代肯定是有象兵的存在的。
中国的象军和象战,在中国商代的甲骨文书中,都已有关于象的记载,商周时期可能就把大象用来打仗。如《吕氏春秋》载:“商人服象,为虐于东夷。”《孟子·滕文公下》说:“周公相武王,诛纣伐奄,三年讨其君,驱飞廉于海而戮之,灭国者五十。驱虎豹犀象而远之,天下大悦。”等等。 传说春秋吴国伐楚,楚曾出动大象抵抗,正史中未见记载。南朝和隋和林邑的两次冲突中对方曾使用了大象。一次是南朝宋文帝元嘉二十三年(公元466年)五月,宋朝交州刺史檀和之奉命伐林邑,林邑王范阳迈使用了象军参战,宋军初战不利。振武将军宗悫认为,百兽都害怕狮子,大象大概也不会例外,乃赶制了许多假狮子,隐伏草丛中。他还在预定的战场周围,挖了不少陷井。敌方驱象军来攻,宗悫放出了假狮子,大象吓得掉头乱窜,宗悫又乘机指挥士兵万弩齐放,受惊的大象四处奔跑,不少跌到陷井里,人和象俱被活捉。另一次是隋朝仁寿末,派刘方为驩州道行军行军总管讨林邑,林邑王梵志以巨象出战,刘方以诈败术,引大象跌入陷井,复以弓弩射杀,从而获胜,一举攻占林邑国都。 970年北宋灭南汉之役,南汉曾在莲花峰下列阵,布象群于阵前,以壮军胆,宋将潘美命集中劲弩火箭射象,象群负矢惊跃狂奔,南汉军溃败。 明初的灭蜀战役中蜀军也有使用战象的记载,据《明史·傅友德传》:“初,蜀人闻大军西征,丞相戴寿等果悉众守瞿塘。及闻友德破阶、文,捣江油,始分兵援汉州,以保成都。未至,友德已破其守将向大亨于城下,谓将士曰:‘援师远来,闻大亨破,己胆落,无能为也。’迎击,大败之。遂拔汉州,进围成都。寿等以象战。友德令强弩火器冲之,身中流矢不退,将士殊死战。象反走,躏藉死者甚众。”
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