辣椒为什么会使人产生热觉和痛觉?

2025-04-06 03:13:45
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

辣椒中产生辣味的物质是一种统称为辣椒素的辣椒碱。切辣椒时,辣椒素沾在皮肤上,会使微血管扩张,导致皮肤发红、发热,并加速局部的代谢率。同时,还会刺激痛觉神经,这就是我们平时觉得烧手的原因。一般认为,这是由辣椒素使皮肤的神经末梢发生化学转化而导致的。 辣椒素(Capsaicin) 是引起所有“辣椒反应”的辛辣成分。香草酸家族成员,灼热和痛觉是通过与神经元之间的反应引起的。在神经元的细胞膜上存在一种叫做亚型1香草酸受体(Vanilloid receptor subtype 1,VR1)的蛋白质,是TPR离子通道超家族的成员。TRP(Transient Receptor Potential)离子通道,最早发现于果蝇的突变体中,突变体的光感受器对光刺激只有短暂的反应而不是野生型果蝇应该表现的对光刺激又持久长期的反应,因此叫做TRP(短暂性受体电位)离子通道。大多数TRP通道有6条跨膜α螺旋组成,其N,C末端均在胞内。一系列不同的TRP离子通道能够对不同的温度作出反应。VR1是非特异性的阳离子通道,能够允许Ca2+和Mg2+进入神经元,引起神经元的去极化,释放一些神经递质和活性氨基酸到胞外,最后引起痛觉。辣椒素通过和VR1结合引起神经元一系列反应后让机体产生过热或物理损伤的痛觉。因此,辣椒素并不会真的引起化学灼伤,而只是造成这样的感觉而已。 如果一次从富含辣椒的食物中摄取大量的辣椒素,就会引起欣快感,这也是我们会越吃辣椒越觉得过瘾的原因。正是由于辣椒素和VR1受体结合后产生痛觉,接着这些痛觉能够刺激垂体分泌内啡肽。内啡肽是体内的阿片受体激活剂,相当于内源性的鸦片,能够减轻痛觉,减缓呼吸。最终,垂体释放足够的内啡肽以后,就会让我们有一种runner's high的感觉,也就是长跑运动员跑到物我两忘后的兴奋状态(唉,我没有体会过……)。然而,长期暴露在辣椒素的刺激下,会引起神经元的失敏,也就是说神经元会对痛觉感到迟钝,如果辣椒素被移除,神经又会恢复正常。因此辣椒素的不同生理效应,是和机体摄取的浓度有关的 正是辣椒素会引起灼热的痛觉进而刺激机体分泌内啡肽缓解疼痛,辣椒素被用作解除外周神经痛,做成药膏或香油。在医院里,如果疼痛很严重,医生会戴上胶皮手套和面罩,对病人的疼痛区先局麻,然后涂上辣椒素,直到病人感到疼痛区开始热起来了,再擦除。这样神经因为很强烈的灼热感而忘记向大脑报告疼痛了。一般在药店买的非处方缓解疼痛(如,肌肉痛)的药膏和香油中都含有辣椒素。 好了,现在你知道辣椒为什么会很辣,以及辣椒素的缓解疼痛的作用了,(或许你也不是那么关心这些)你仍然最想知道的是,吃了辣椒以后怎么缓解舌头的灼烧感呢?研究表明,最有效缓解辣味的是牛奶(很可惜不是冰啤酒呢!),和酸奶,冰淇淋,果汁,糖果这些含糖量很高的食物。 当然,我们还要提及女士的防暴必备装备——胡椒粉(辣椒粉)喷雾器。你知道,喷一点辣椒粉不会把施暴者杀掉,但会让他痛苦万分求生不得求死不能。但是,需要提及的是,喷雾器一定要对准眼睛,鼻子,和嘴巴喷。如果,你很不走运,那个家伙戴着眼镜,口罩,你最好拿把刀先把他割伤,再对准伤口喷——当然你也可以把他的眼镜,口罩摘下来……然后就逃走吧。国外松鼠泛滥的地方,会把辣椒加在鸟食中喂鸟,小鸟没有辣觉,而可以把偷食的松鼠赶走。过量的辣椒素也能致死,人体过量吸入后会出现呼吸困难,皮肤发蓝,身体抽搐等症状。在印度,一些杀婴的案件就是用辣椒把小婴儿给辣死的…… 我们综合 辣椒素的作用: 帮助消化 增强排汗功能而降温,如退烧 抗感染 促进肾脏,肺脏,胃,心脏的功能 减轻慢性痛,偏头痛,关节痛,运动损伤,神经性疼痛,癌痛等 阻止小鼠皮肤癌,抑制人类癌细胞增殖 防暴 副作用: 超敏反应:过敏和结肠炎 非正常血凝 肠运动加强,引起腹泻 皮肤水泡反应,解除性皮炎 咳嗽 长期高剂量使用引起肾肝损伤,慢性胃炎,神经中毒 杀婴 也就是说,吃辣椒好处多多,可以促消化,抗感染,防癌症,还能够减肥,当然如果你对辣椒过敏,那就要小心啦(辣)。

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