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常姓是当今中国姓氏排行第九十四位的大姓,人口较多,约占全国汉族人口的百分之零点一八。�
寻根溯源 1、出自姬姓,以邑为氏。据《元和姓纂》所载,周武王少弟康叔在封邑建立卫国,其有一子食邑于常,后卫被秦灭,常邑子孙以邑为氏,是为山东常姓。2、《姓氏考略》载:“黄帝大臣常仪和大司空常先,常姓当此出。”黄帝居于轩辕之丘,国于有熊,其地在今河南新郑,故黄帝时常姓当出河南。3、据《姓氏考略》所载,春秋时吴王封其支庶于常(今江苏常州一带),其后以邑为氏,是为江苏常姓。4、改姓而来。《通志·氏族略》载,古代“恒”、“常”同义,北宋真宗名赵恒,因避名讳之故,恒姓改姓常。5、少数民族中有常姓。裕固族常曼氏、柯尔克孜族额齐克氏、土族常鲜氏,汉姓为常。另水、蒙、满、回等族均有常姓。
得姓始祖 康叔。康叔为周武王少弟,因其封地为康邑,故人称康叔封,亦称康叔。周初,商纣之子武庚发动叛乱,后被镇压,康叔由此又受封原商都周围地区和殷民七族,并建立卫国(今沿黄河流域的河南、河北一带),都朝歌(今河南淇县),后迁帝丘(今河南濮阳)。时诸侯有分封采邑之制,康叔有一子受封于卫国分封出来的一个采邑——常(今山东滕县东南)。秦统一天下,卫国被灭,其后有人以邑为氏,称为常姓,尊康叔为得姓始祖。
繁衍播迁 山东、江苏为早期常姓发源地,此种发源格局,使得常姓很早就散居于大江南北,据载,战国时代,北方河南、河北南部地区以及南方吴、楚等国,均有常姓。西汉有太原(今属山西)人常惠,曾随苏武出使匈奴,被拘十余年后返汉,官至右将军,封长罗侯,其后又有数人封侯,太原常姓由此显赫。与此同时,常姓在起源地山东亦形成一大望族,遂有平原郡望。汉末三国之际,“蜀之江原(今四川崇庆县东)常氏多显者。”时有名人常播、常骞等。魏晋南北朝时期,河南、甘肃常姓繁衍茂盛,遂成望族。曹魏时,河内温(今河南温县)人常林,封高阳乡侯,官拜光禄大夫,其后人多入朝为官,家族荣耀显贵,在河内形成望族。常林四世孙常珍,携家眷徙凉州(今属甘肃),后人亦多官宦,遂形成常姓的武威郡望。隋唐时期,常姓名人多出京城长安(今陕西西安)和陕西新丰(今临潼东北)两地。新丰常姓职仕朝廷者多人,甚为显赫。时有新丰人常衮徙居闽(今福建)地,后人遂在闽、粤一带繁衍,故闽、粤常姓多以新丰为宗,以常衮为开基祖。宋代因避真宗名讳,恒姓被迫改为常姓,这为常姓家族注入一股新泉。此期常姓迁徙足迹自江苏、浙江、江西、湖北等地往福建、广东一带,后入云南、贵州等地。明代有山西常姓被迫迁周边省份之人烟稀疏之地。清代常姓有入台,定居新加坡等地者。今日常姓以河南、山西、黑龙江、吉林、河北等省居多,上述五省常姓约占全国汉族常姓人口的百分之六十三。�
郡望堂号 常姓郡望主要有五个:1、太原郡,治所在晋阳(今太原西南);2、平原郡,治所在平原(今山东平原县西南);3、江原郡,治所在今四川崇庆县一带;4、河内郡,楚汉之际治所在怀县(今河南武陟西南),西晋移治野王(今河南沁阳);5、武威郡,西汉治所在武威(今甘肃民勤东北),东汉移治姑臧(今甘肃武威)。
堂号:“太原”、“积善”、“知人”、“受宜”、“学古”等。�
宗族特征 1、常姓名人多将帅公卿。如汉代右将军常惠,三国司农卿常林,北朝名将常安成、常景、常爽,唐代进士常衮,宋代御史常同、将军常思德、尚书常懋,明代开国功臣常遇春、常升,清代巡抚常安、总督常明、常青等。2、中国古代神话“嫦娥奔月”系出常姓。据传,黄帝时有天文学家常仪,善于观测星相和占卜月亮的晦、朔、弦,后嫁与帝喾为妃。古代“仪”、“娥”同声通用,嫦娥则为常仪的化身。3、常姓字行辈份排序井然,读之意远。据民国抄本《常氏族谱》,江苏如皋常姓一支字行为:“敦愈怡乔吉,征善禄绶祥,谊修忠伦。”
名人精粹 常播:江原(今四川崇庆县东)人,汉末三国时名士,以孝著称。常骞:汉末三国时江原人,学识渊博,为人清尚,名噪一时。常璩:蜀郡江原人,东晋史学家。曾任成汉散骑常侍等职,入晋后居建康(今江苏南京)。著有《华阳国志》、《汉之书》等。常善:北周高阳(今属河北)人,累有战功,封永阳郡公,任刺史,政绩卓然。常景:北魏河内温(今河南温县)人,封濮阳县子,官终仪同三司。有才思,雅好文章,曾撰门下诏书凡四十卷,著述凡数百篇。常爽:北魏河内温人,后为宣威将军,徙避凉州。少已深研五经百家,曾授门徒七百余人。著《六经略注》。常得志:京兆(今陕西西安)人,隋代官至秦王记室,以博学善属文而著称。常何:长安(今陕西西安)人,唐代贞观时任中郎将,曾将贤臣马周推荐于太宗。常建:长安人,唐代诗人。作品多五言,题材多山林、寺观。后人辑其作为《常建集》。常杰、常重胤:父子二人均为长安人,唐代画家,道释人物为二人擅长所在。常 :并州(今山西太原)人,唐代高僧,曾由海道前往印度巡礼,船沉, 舍己救人,遇难。《大唐西域求法高僧传》中载其生平。常遇春:安徽怀远人,明代名将。初随朱元璋打天下,善射,力大无穷,因自称能率十万众横行天下,故有“常十万”之称。死后追封开平王。常伦:山西沁水人,明代散曲家,官至大理寺评事。作品有《常评事集》、《写情集》等。常大淳:湖南衡阳人,清代道光进士。曾与徐继畲一同筹办防务,阻止英军进犯浙江海口,任浙江巡抚时,整顿盐务,奏免折漕、拔款赈灾。后太平军攻陷武昌时,投井自尽。常志美:清代山东伊斯兰教学者。其教义发展为中国伊斯兰教寺院经堂教育中的山东学派。因其在伊斯兰教传播中所作的贡献,
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