推荐回答(1个)
间歇式养护设施应符合下列要求:
(1)普通养护坑
普通养护坑的构造见图2-10。
当构件品种、规格经常变换时,选用坑式养护是比较合理的,坑的几何尺寸可以从两方面来考虑决定:一是制品及模板的外形尺寸;二是成型台面的尺寸。

图2-10 普通养护坑的构造图
1—围护结构;2—水封;3—坑盖;4—底板(厚150~200mm,向集水坑方向坡度i=0.005);
5—上部蒸汽管;6—下部蒸汽管;7—自动横担;8—保护槽钢;9—上部抽风口;10—通风管;
11—导管;12—水封;13—通风阀门;14—通风道(一般为700×400~700mm×600mm);
15—集水坑;16—排水沟;17—溢水管,Dg=50
(2)无压纯饱和蒸汽养护坑
这种养护的构造简图如图2-11,它和常压蒸汽养护坑不同之处在于:
1)养护室的盖或门要尽量密闭。
2)在坑的下部以及上部设喷汽花管。
3)下设有与大气相通的排气管。
4)在排气管的尾部设有冷凝器以及控制仪表。

图2-11 无压纯饱和蒸汽养护坑构造简图
1—下部喷气花管;2—上部喷气花管;3—排气管;4—冷凝器;5—接点温度计
养护室工作时,首先要打开下部喷气管,蒸汽上升,与坑内空气混合,当达到80~90℃时,由于下部排气管与大气联通,因此有多余混合气体排出,待坑内温度升至95℃时,停止下部供气,开上部喷气管,100℃的纯饱和蒸汽逐渐布满坑上部,随着不断地供汽,纯蒸汽向下挤压混合气体,并从排气管排出直到坑内全部被饱和纯蒸汽充满。这种方法蒸汽与制品热交换强烈,养护周期较常压养护可减少4h,但由于构造上密闭条件要求高,操作复杂,因而不易推广。
(3)热介质定向循环养护坑
热介质定向循环的基本原理是使蒸汽以1.5MPa左右的压力经过大口径点式拉伐尔喷嘴流出,在坑内造成具有一定流速的混合介质气流,气流流经所有热交换表面,从而明显地改变坑内的热交换状况,提高蒸汽利用率。
在新建或改建养护坑时,应注意:
1)根据产品品种,孔洞方向和堆码方式等确定循环回路,使气流流动阻力小,并均匀地流经所有热交换表面。
2)坑外供气管道设减压阀,以调节并稳定供汽压力,加装带有回汽管的冷凝式水封器,以保证坑内压力的基本稳定。
3)合理布置坑内集气管,正确确定喷嘴数量、尺寸及安装角度。
4)养护坑坑壁内侧应设置保温层和防水隔汽层,以小热容和较大热阻的围护结构代替原有的结构。
5)采用合理的测控温方式,以保证最佳的热养护制度。
6)设置集汽管时,应考虑防止被撞击的措施,如凹进坑壁和设置护轨等。
7)应尽量提高养护坑的填充系数,同时应保证热介质能够沿其循环回路流动而不产生多余的气体流动阻力,从而保证湿热处理的均匀性。模板之间的缝隙应大于50mm,以减小模板之间的气体流动阻力;模板与坑底之间的间隙为200~300mm,以减小冷的坑底对下部制品的影响;上部制品与坑盖的间隙应保证50~100mm,坑的拐角应作成圆角,以减少循环气流转弯时的能量损失。
8)最重要的是,在改造供汽系统的同时,必须对养护坑围护结构进行改造。因为对围护结构改造的节能效果远比对供汽系统改造后的节能效果好。
图2-12为热介质定向循环养护坑构造简图。

图2-12 热介质定向循环养护坑构造示意图
(1)—坑盖水封(2)—冷凝水水封(3)—坑底水封(4)—喷嘴示意
(4)养护浅池
养护浅池适用于异形构件及构配件的养护,国内已采用的浅池构造较简单,通常池深为70~80cm,宽度和露天台座相似,长度由生产线的长短而定。池顶加盖,池壁用砖砌成,炉渣保温,由蒸汽花管供热,温度约为70℃,构件养护时间较长。这种设施投产快、机动灵活,但是周转慢。
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