1.现在分词短语【作定语】相当于一个【非限定性定语从句】，用逗号隔开。2.现在分词短语【作定语】相当于一个【定语从句】，不用逗号隔开。3.分词作结果状语从句可以不用逗号隔开，因为根据句意一目了然。4.(1).The study,conducted by Mrs,is seeking for the true reason of such phenomena. =The study,which is conducted by Mrs,is seeking for the true reason of such phenomena. (2).The study conducted by Mrs is seeking for.... =.The study which is conducted by Mrs is seeking for the true reason of such phenomena. (3).Conducted by Mrs,the study is seeking for.... =As it is conducted by Mrs, the study is seeking for the true reason of such phenomena
分词做状语修饰的通常是句子，可以表示原因、结果、条件、时间、伴随等等，相当于一个状语从句
比如：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(表示原因)
Given enough time, we could have done it better.(表示条件)
=I we had been given enough time, we could have done it better
分词作定语分为前置定语和后置定语，修饰名词，一般来说单个的分词作定语多前置，比如a retired teacher
而分词短语作定语多后置，可以转换为对应的定于从句，比如：
The picture drawn by her was wonderful。=The picture (which was drawn by her) was wonderful.
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