推荐回答(1个)
在西周的每一个封区内,诸侯是最高裁判者,因为他们被赋予以“专扬于国”的特权,而在整个封建国家内,周天子是最高权力的执掌者,诸侯的争执,都诉之于周天子。《诗经·大雅·假乐》云:“百辟卿士,媚于天子”,金文《献簋》云:“受天子休”,都说明了这个历史事实。在周天子之下,有中央政治的组织,《尚书·酒诰》云:
越在外服,侯、甸、男、卫、邦伯;越在内服,百寮、庶尹、惟亚、惟服、宗工,越百姓里居。
所谓“内服”,即指中央政府而言。“百寮”、“庶尹”就是中央政府的官吏。以天子为首的中央政府,是西周最高权力机关。他统辖着无数以诸侯为首的地方政府。这种地方政府,在当时称为天子的“外服”。侯、男、邦伯就是地方诸侯。
当时中央政府的组织极为庞大,官吏的名称极为复杂,根据《尚书·立政》记载的官名有:
任人,准夫,牧,作三事,虎贲,缀衣,趣马,小尹,左右携仆,百司,庶府,大都,小伯,艺人,表臣,百司,太史,尹伯,庶常吉士,司徒,司马,司空……
这些官称,若从其职司而言,大体可分为以下三个方面:
一、王室外廷政务官——任人、准夫、牧、司徒(土)、司马、司空(工)。
任人,就是“常任”。执掌王廷政务。准夫,就是准人,准为公平之意,执掌司法。牧,就是“常伯”,“作三事”,与《诗经·雨无正》的“三事大夫”,金文《盠方彝》中的“叁有司,司土,司马,司工”的职司相当。司徒即司土。从金文记载看,司徒不仅管理籍田等土地之事(即主民事),而且有时还兼管军事和卜事。司马主军事,还可参加周王册命典礼。司空即司工,管理工事。
二、王室外廷事务官——大都、小伯、艺人、表臣百司、太史、尹伯、庶常吉士。
“大都”,是管理诸侯和国王子弟们采邑的官吏。“小伯”是管理卿、大夫采邑的官吏。“艺人”是有专门技术的官员,如卜、祝、巫师、工师等。“表臣百司”,在外廷管理政事。“太史”,负责记事和制作册命。“尹伯”,是众官的头目,“庶常吉士”,是具体办事的士官。这些官员对宫室内廷的“宫内官”而言,又可称为“府中官”。
三、王室内廷事务官——虎贲、缀衣、趣马、小尹、左右携仆、百司、庶府。
这些官员都是负责宫廷保卫和宫中事务的宫内官。“虎贲”,武职官,负责保卫周王的安全,“缀衣”,掌管周王的衣冠服饰,其职掌大约相当于后世的“尚衣”。“趣马”,掌管王室的车舆马匹。“小尹”就是总管小臣。“左右携仆”,管理周王日常所用的器物或御车的仆夫。“百司”,管理王室内廷的各种事务。“庶府”,管理王室内廷物资贮藏仓库。这些都是周王的侍从或近臣。除此以外,在金文中还出现“虎臣”、“服”、“走马”、“小臣”、“膳夫”等,这些也都是与周王关系密切的官员,其职司与“宫内官”基本相同。
以上这些官由师、保或宰、太宰总领而隶属于周天子。换句话说,师、保、宰、太宰就是百寮的首领,地位较高。周公的儿子伯禽就曾做过周王的师、保。《令彝》记载周王命他“尹三事四方,受卿事寮”,这就是说,叫他管理王朝“三事大夫”和四方诸侯,并统领王廷“百官”。周初,武王继位后,曾任命姜尚为“师”,号称“师尚父”,在灭商及灭商以后巩固西周王朝政权的许多重大事情,都是师尚父出谋划策的。所以《史记·周本纪》说:周武王“封功臣谋士,而师尚为首封”,成为东方齐国的始祖。周成王时代,“召公为保,周公为师”。那时,由于成王年幼,应付不了周初“天下未集”的复杂局面,所以周公旦曾“践阼代成王摄行政当国”,直到七年后,成王长大,周公才还政于成王。在此期间,周公、召公曾奉命东征,平定了管、蔡、武庚等的叛乱,抓获了叛乱的东方五国首领,为巩固西周王室立下了丰功伟绩。此后,在广大的王畿地区:“自陕以西,召公主之,自陕以东,周公主之”。由此可见,师、保在西周拥有很大的权力。《左传·定公四年》说:“周公相王室以尹天下”。可见师、保这类官和商代的“尹”职能相当,又说“周公为太宰”。宰这种官在商代就已出现,本为王室内廷的治事官。“太宰”是王室内廷治事官的首领,实际上就是王家的大总管。它的职司与后世的“相”职相同。后世“宰相”这个官称就是由此演变而来的。
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