何为大蒜的二次生长?是如何形成的?怎样防止?

2025-04-03 00:14:37
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

大蒜植株内层或外层叶腋中分化的鳞芽因不进入休眠而继续分化和生长叶片,形成次级叶丛,甚至产生次级蒜薹和次级鳞茎的现象,称为大蒜的二次生长。

大蒜二次生长是一种生理异常现象,在国内外均有发生。在我国陕西、甘肃、山西、山东、江苏、广西等地均有不同程度的发生,严重影响蒜薹和蒜头产量和质量,降低商品性状。发生二次生长后,次级叶丛从母体的叶鞘中伸出,子株同母株形成一簇丛生蒜苗,有时这些伸长了的子株其叶腋中又分化出鳞芽,形成小的次级蒜瓣,使整个鳞茎蒜瓣增多,大小不一,排列无序,乃至整个鳞茎离散。由次级叶丛所形成的次级鳞茎,不仅有不抽薹的独瓣蒜,也有分瓣的有薹蒜。据程智慧观察,大蒜二次生长可分为发生在外层叶腋的外层型、发生在内层叶腋的内层型(图3)。

引起大蒜二次生长的内因包括品种的遗传性、蒜种大小、植株长势和植株体内生长调节物质种类及数量对比等。外因包括生态条件和栽培措施。外因和内因之间、内因和外因中各个因素之间往往存在交互作用。品种遗传性是影响大蒜二次生长的主要因素,而且不同品种的二次生长类型有一定差异。不同品种对蒜种贮藏温度的反应不同,但播前30天蒜种在14~16℃或0~5℃中贮藏,与室温(24~27℃)相比,均有促进二次生长的作用;低温加上高湿(空气相对湿度75%~100%),二次生长的发生更加严重。播期与二次生长的关系因品种、蒜种休眠程度、播后出苗快慢、蒜种贮藏条件及土壤湿度而异。以发生内层型二次生长为主的品种,种蒜经冷凉处理,将促进内层型和外层型二次生长。无论播期早晚,土壤湿度高,内层型二次生长将显著提高。蒜瓣经冷凉处理或在室温下贮藏,大瓣蒜种均较小瓣蒜种容易发生外层型二次生长,蒜种经冷凉处理尤其如此。提高土壤湿度(相对含水量80%~95%),较低土壤湿度(相对含水量50%~65%),外层型和内层型株高提高。

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图3 大蒜的二次生长

(陆帼一,1986)

防止二次生长的途径如下:

(1)品种选择 选择不易发生二次生长的大蒜品种,如金乡大蒜、二水早等,并根据品种发生二次生长特点制定相应的控制技术措施。

(2)蒜种贮藏条件控制 蒜种贮藏场所应保持20℃以上的温度和75%以下的空气相对湿度。不能将蒜种进行低温处理后提早播种。

(3)创造适宜的栽培条件 不宜用过大的蒜瓣播种,单瓣重5~6克为宜。避免过于稀植和大肥大水管理,氮肥施用不宜过量等,都可控制或减少大蒜二次生长现象的发生。

(4)选择适宜土壤 大蒜宜选用壤土或轻黏壤土。土壤养分含量分别为有效氮110.53微克/克、有效磷60.22微克/克、有效钾136.77微克/克、硫8.41微克/克、有效硼浓度为0.85微克/克、有效铜7.52微克/克、有效锌12.52微克/克和土壤有机质1.71%为宜。

(5)适期播种、合理密植 根据多年研究结果和生产实践表明,培育适龄健壮苗,可减少二次生长的发生。要培育大蒜越冬前有5~6片叶,假茎粗0.6~1.0厘米,苗高20厘米左右的健壮苗。正常年份露地栽培“二水早”于9月下旬播种;金乡蒜及苍山大蒜在9月下旬至10月上中旬播种。适宜密度为,株行距15厘米×17~16厘米,每667米22.5万~3.0万株。

(6)科学配方施肥 大蒜施肥原则为增施有机肥,合理配施氮、磷、钾、硫等化学肥料,积极推广测土配方施肥技术。大蒜根系入土浅,需肥量较大。耕翻土地前667米2施入腐熟鸡粪2~3米3,或优质腐熟厩肥4~5米3。肥力中等土壤667米2可按硫酸钾复合肥75~100千克,或尿素15千克、磷酸二铵25千克、硫酸钾30千克,生物有机肥80千克施入。若不施用鸡粪或厩肥等有机肥,还应外加豆饼50千克或棉籽饼100千克。另外,667米2可使用硫酸锌及硼砂各1千克。

(7)加强春季管理 春季返青后,于3月下旬浇水并667米2追施尿素20千克、硫酸钾10千克。防治蒜蛆每667米2用1.8%阿维菌素(爱福丁)乳油30~60毫升,或1.1%苦参碱粉剂(2~4千克)1000~2000倍液灌根,或用50%辛硫磷0.5千克灌根。同时注意除草。进入蒜薹及蒜头形成期,视植株长势667米2再施入10~15千克尿素,并浇水。

(8)加强病害防治 大蒜叶枯病、疫病、叶斑病等在生长中后期发生危害,腐败病在中后期多雨多湿年份发生,这些病害发生后常增加二次生长的发生。可用70%甲基托布津、25%代森锌、75%百菌清、50%扑海因等药剂防治。

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