一、 限制性定语从句的常见引导词
1. 以关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as引导。如:
Here is a letter from Mr. Li who wants a job in Xi'an. 这里有李先生的来信,他想在西安找份工作。
2. 以关系副词where, when, why, how引导。如:
This is the house where I once lived two years ago.这是我两年前曾住过的房子。
二、 非限制性定语从句的常见引导词
1. 以关系代词which,as引导。如:
Father came back on May 12, which was my birthday. 父亲是五月十二日回来的,这一天是我的生日。
_______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 大家都知道,月球每月绕地球转一圈。(NMET 2001,34 )
A. It B. As C. That D. What (答案:B )
as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句,有时可以互换。如:
He failed in the experiment, as (which) was natural. 很自然,他在实验中失败了。
但他们还是有区别的,as作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句:
①一般用于such+ n.+ as或the same+ n.+ as或(as)... as结构;as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。如:
Such a book as you described should not be published at all. 像你描述的那样的书不应该出版。
This is the same watch as I bought last week. 这块手表和我上周买的那块相似。
②as作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语,用来说明整个主句的意思,从句的位置可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后,还可夹在主句之间。如:
As is known to all, the earth travels round the sun.大家都知道地球围绕太阳转。
This elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake.任何人都能看出这头大象像蛇。
③关系代词which也可指代整个主句,但是引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。如:
He made great progress this term and won the first prize in the exam, which made us surprised. 他这学期取得了很大进步,并且在这次考试中获得一等奖,这使我们吃惊。
④当定语从句位于主句之后时,如关系代词作主语,而且定语从句用的是主谓结构或主谓宾加宾补结构,此时多用which。如:
He cheated in the exam, which made his teacher very angry. 他在考试中作弊,这使他的老师很生气。
2.名词(代词)+of which (whom) 引导。如:
这种结构在定语从句中作定语,相似于“whose+名词”。
She lives in the room , the door of which (whose door) faces south. 她住在那个窗户朝南的房间里。
3.不定代词、数词或形容词最高级+of which (whom)引导。
这种结构通常在从句中作主语,表示整体中的一部分。其中常用的不定代词有:all, none, both, neither, some, any, most等;数词既可用基数词和序数词,也可用分数和百分数词。如:
There are 20 girl students here, none of whom likes physics.这里有20个女学生,他们当中没有人喜欢物理。
He lent me some books, four of which were very interesting. 他借给我一些书,其中四本非常有趣。
4. 介词+形容词关系代词which引导。
这种结构中,which作前置定语,修饰后面的名词。如:
He visited England and France, in which countries, he had a wonderful time.他游览了英国和法国,在这两个国家他玩得很开心。
5.介词+which (whom) 引导。
这一结构在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式等状语。如:
①He decided to look for a cave, in which he could hide if a hurricane came.他决定找一个山洞,如果飓风来了,他可以在那里躲藏。
②The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. 西湖是个美丽的地方,杭州因此而闻名。
③There is a tall tree outside, under which stand some boys. 外面有棵大树,树下站着一些男孩。
注意这种结构中的介词主要是根据三个方面来选择的:一是先行词,如第一句;二是定语从句中的谓语动词和形容词,如第二句;三是根据意思,如最后一句。
上面的太复杂啦。我简单说一下,首先where是跟在地点后面的。比如说:It was the place where we met last time.用which的句子都能用that替换的which是跟在除了地点,人物的名词之后的who whom 也是定语从句里的 用whom的都能用who代替