小尾寒羊的育种方法有哪些?

2024-11-16 18:52:59
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

小尾寒羊育种工作的任务应是重点巩固和进一步提高繁殖和产肉两大性能,同时改善体型结构和皮毛品质,增强体质,提高泌乳性能。

(1)纯种繁育(本品种选育)

指小尾寒羊公母羊之间的交配繁殖、提纯选优和定向培育。

①品系繁育:指小尾寒羊同品种不同品系之间的交配繁育。包括建立基础群、闭锁繁育建立品系、品系间杂交三个阶段。

②血液更新:指引用小尾寒羊同品种不同血缘的公羊改进羊群品质的方法。在下列情况下可引入其他羊场生产性能较高的同一品种公羊进行血液更新。第一,由于羊群比较小、长期的封闭育种,使羊群中的个体都和某一只公羊有亲缘关系,并且已经出现近亲危害现象时。第二,一群羊引人到一个新环境,在繁殖、产肉和泌乳等方面表现出某些退化时。第三,一个羊群,它的生产性能达到一定水平以后,呈停滞状态不能再提高时。(2)杂交育种(杂交改良)

指两个或两个以上不同品种公母羊之间进行交配,经过选种、选配和培育,产生新品种的方法。

①级进杂交:指利用优良品种公羊与被改良品种的母羊进行杂交,所生后代杂种母羊每代再与改良品种公羊交配,直到获得理想型羊群后,自群繁殖,固定优良性状,培育出新品种的方法。级进杂交常用于改变哪些生产性能低劣,或生产类型不能满足国民经济需要的品种。如用小尾寒羊杂交改良同羊、和田羊及湖羊等,或用道赛特羊、萨福克羊、夏洛来羊、罗姆尼羊及波尔华斯羊等杂交改良小尾寒羊。杂交后代R、F2、F3、F4(一代、二代、三代、四代)依次含有父系羊的血液量为50%、75%、87.5%、93.8%。级进杂交一般以3~5代为宜。

如用道赛特公羊(也可是冷冻精液或鲜精)给小尾寒羊母羊配种,5个月后所生杂交一代母羊(赛寒R)再用不同个体道赛特公羊给其配种,1年4个月后所生杂交二代母羊(赛寒F2)再用又一不同个体多赛特公羊给其配种,2年3个月后所生杂交三代公母羊(赛寒F3)可作为多赛特种羊对外推广使用(图1)。

"图1 级进杂交

②引入杂交:指在保留原有品种主要特性和优良品质的前提下,适当导入外血,以克服原有品种某些缺点的杂交育种方法。即用引进品种的公羊与原有品种母羊杂交一次,然后从杂种后代中选出理想的公、母羊,分别再与原有品种的母羊和公羊回交,回交1~3代,选择含外血1/4、1/8、1/16的理想型杂种,自群繁育。

小尾寒羊优点是主要的,但还存在个别缺点,可以用生产方向一致且能改良小尾寒羊的另一品种公羊进行引入杂交(导入杂交)。引人杂交主要应选准父系品种,当前选用的都是国外肉羊品种,如道赛特、萨福克、夏洛来、美利奴、罗姆尼及波尔华斯羊等(图2)。

"图2 引入杂交

③育成杂交:是指当原有品种不能满足需要,又无别的品种可以代替时,利用两个或两个以上品种进行杂交以培育新品种的方法。育成杂交过程包括杂交创新、横交固定和扩群提高三个阶段。

简单育成杂交:通过两个品种的杂交以培育新品种的方法。如“寒同羊”是在陕西省渭北一带通过小尾寒羊和同羊的简单育成杂交育成的。

复杂育成杂交:通过三个或三个以上品种的杂交以培育新品种的方法。如先以小尾寒羊的公羊给同羊的母羊配种,所生杂种后代母羊再以道赛特羊的公羊给其配种,所生三元杂交后代(含同羊、小尾寒羊、道赛特羊的血液分别为25%、25%、50%)进行横交固定,可育成集道赛特羊、小尾寒羊和同羊的优良特性为一体的肉羊新品种。

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