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这类金矿的赋矿围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组第2岩性段(酸性凝灰岩段C1d2),含矿岩石有两类:一类为酸性凝灰岩段的各种沉凝灰岩和凝灰质碎屑岩,这类岩石经程度不同的热液交代(伴以角砾岩化)、蚀变作用而形成的多种硅化岩石,构成上部含金矿化体(图4-23);另一类为酸性凝灰岩段凝灰质砂岩、砾岩、凝灰质碎屑岩,经硅化、毒砂化、黄铁矿化蚀变而成的硅化(角砾岩化)岩石,构成下部金矿化体。
图4-23 吐乎拉苏西南矿点T10探槽随手剖面图
根据岩石地球化学资料(表4-16),下石炭统大哈拉军山组第2岩性段(酸性凝灰岩段C1d2)内岩石的Au元素平均值为地壳克拉克值的31.6倍,Ag为8.5倍,As为53倍,Sb为20倍,Hg为1.6倍,Bi为60倍;从各种元素变异系数来看Au、Ag、As、Hg等元素的变异系数均大于1,其中Au大于2;从标准离差看Au、As元素最大,Au为228,As为96。表明Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Bi等元素在酸性凝灰岩段(C1d2)内含量高,无疑酸性凝灰岩段(C1d2)是该类金矿的主要含金岩石。
含矿岩石原岩为沉凝灰质碎屑岩,具有原生孔隙度大,渗透性强的特点,是成矿溶液活动、沉淀的良好场所。我们认为,容矿岩石这种良好的“原生孔隙度”条件,是硅化岩型金矿化得以发生和最终成矿的重要条件。硅化岩型金矿化体的层状、似层状矿体基本顺层产出的特点,正是含矿热液沿“孔隙度”发育的成分层或层间、层内裂隙带发生渗透交代的结果。
含矿岩石中普遍含有大量似层状产出的强硅化角砾岩,岩石具有典型的角砾状、碎裂块状构造。角砾粒径在1~50 mm之间,其形态多为棱角状、次棱角状,少量为与流体反应溶蚀呈次圆状,角砾无明显旋转,多有较好的可拼合性,显示热液“隐爆”角砾岩特点。所有的角砾均被后成硅质(石英或玉髓)和热液蚀变粘土矿物胶结。其显示的可能过程是:早期含矿流体的强烈硅化使原先孔隙度高且渗透性好的粗碎屑岩(层)被“胶结”成致密块状。随后,流体再度注入导致压力增高而引起岩石破碎,成矿物质沉淀使裂隙再次被充填胶结。
表4-16 京希地区大哈拉军山组各岩性段金及其有关元素含量及特征值
因此,早期硅化可视为角砾岩化的前兆,故角砾岩化分布于硅化蚀变岩中,在时间上角砾岩化稍晚。岩石破碎之后流体的再次充填、交代和冷却导致了硅质及粘土矿物的沉淀,角砾岩化强度与金矿化有密切的相关性。角砾岩化的岩石经历了更长时间的热液-流体的相互作用,多阶段的成矿物质(Au)沉淀导致Au元素的多期沉淀富集。
硅化岩型金矿化构造控矿特征极为明显:矿点、矿化点皆位于基底断裂附近或旁侧,基底断裂可视为控矿的热液通道;次级断裂的存在和发育,特别是顺层或微切层的或层间滑动构造发育部位,构成成矿最为有利地段。研究表明,硅化岩型金矿矿化体内或附近常常发育一些顺层或微切层的层内或层间滑动构造(图4-23)(图版Ⅲ-3)。虽然现今露头上所观察到的多是成矿后构造活动的遗迹,但我们推断成矿前或成矿过程中,这种构造仍是存在的,只不过在矿化过程中为热液改造而弥和。这样一些顺层或切层构造的存在也是造成矿化同位叠加的原因之一。研究发现,在一些顺层构造带内确曾发现以碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化等为主的热液充填交代活动。
概括起来,硅化岩型金矿主控矿因素有两个:沉凝灰岩和(顺层)断裂构造,二者的存在和作用结果,为金矿化提供了良好的渗透条件———原生孔隙度和次生孔隙度。这种良好的原生和次生孔隙度的存在,无疑对含矿热液的迁移、渗透、交代乃至沉淀成矿极为有利,同时在空间上又形成了硅化岩型金矿的顺层展布和断裂控矿特点。另外,岩石硅化后,脆性增大,更容易遭受热液的裂隙化(Tingley和Berger,1985),这可能就是硅化岩型金矿多次热液同位叠加而形成复杂矿石构成的原因。
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