推荐回答(1个)
几乎所有谈到娼妓起源的论著都会首先提起古代巴比伦的圣娼。这方面留下的史料,主要是希罗多德在《历史》中的一段记述: 巴比伦人有一个最丑恶可耻的习惯,这就是生在那里的每一个妇女在她的一生之中必须有一次到阿普洛狄铁(Aphrodite,希腊神话中的爱神,希罗多德这里的意思是指巴比伦神话中的爱神Mylitta)的神殿的圣域内去坐在那里,并在那里和一个不相识的男子交媾。…… 据希罗多德说,当时塞浦路斯也有圣娼的风俗。后来更传播到小亚细亚诸国和埃及、波斯等处。又据古代阿拉伯旅行者《中国印度见闻录》中的记述,在印度也有类似的圣娼,称为“佛陀之娼”: 一个妇人,如果事先许了愿,那么,当她生下一个美丽的女孩以后,就要带着女儿,去到佛陀面前,把她献给佛陀。此后,这个母亲还要在街市上为她找一间房子,挂上彩帘,让她坐在椅子上,等待来客。不论是印度人,或是外国人——如果他们所奉宗教的教义可以容许这种行为的话——只要付出一笔赏钱,就可以玩弄她。这个女子,靠了此等营生,把每次积攒起来的金钱,送去给寺院的方丈,作为资助寺院的费用。 许多人想当然地将娼妓定义为“卖淫的女子”,其实只要一涉及娼妓的早期情况,这个定义就会遇到困难——从上面的例子可以看到,许多娼妓是不为自己谋求金钱报酬的,何以言“卖”?故较全面的定义应是“为男子提供性服务的女子”。有时她们提供此种服务,所获的报酬不是金钱。比如古代巴比伦等地的“圣娼”,她们为异国男子提供性服务,得到的报酬是被认为为神尽过义务、受男子欢迎而赢得族人敬爱,这有利于她们择佳婿而嫁,这就是服务于此而获酬于彼了。 至少从原则上说,官妓是不以赢利为目的的。大体上,政府对她们实行某种供给制,即所谓“官给衣粮”。各地官妓只须为官府执役即可,并无赢利的压力。官妓虽能从官府获得衣粮而有基本的生活保障,但作为狎客的官吏仍会送给她们钱物以博取她们的欢心。以常理而论,“缠头之费”对她们来说应该还是很重要的。“曲江之会”中那些少年及第的新进士,意气骄奢,又极易赢得诸妓的青眼,“春风得意马蹄疾,一日看遍长安花”,自然要及时行乐,尽情享受人生。他们作为未来的官员,有特权享受官妓的侍奉。关于妓女的义务,可能存在着广泛的误解。一般人往往一说起“妓女”立刻就联想到“卖淫”、“睡觉”和“性交”,而实际上这种联想在古今中外都只是对一部分下等妓女才大致正确。有的现代论著也从上述想当然的联想出发,认为官妓有义务为官员侍寝,比如“唐代地方官妓是官给衣粮,她们向官员献身是一种义务,一般是不收费的”,等等。其实,官妓对官员的义务,乃至后来私妓对狎客的义务,都不是如“献身”那样直截了当。 官妓们通常的义务是在官员们宴饮时佐酒助兴,具体包括劝酒、司令、奏乐乃至歌舞,以及与官员们说笑聊天等等,这其间当然会有打情骂俏、眉目传情乃至拥抱爱抚等情状,但这与上床性交还差得很远。事实上,后来的私妓,一直到本世纪初的妓女,只要不是那种最下等的,她们与狎客之间的情事,或者说她们为狎客所尽的义务,在大部分情况下,也只是如此而已。要理解、想像古代官妓和后来私妓中的中上等妓女为狎客所提供的服务情况,其实也很简单——在大多数情况下,这就与近年政府一再明令禁止的“三陪”非常相似。
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