推荐回答(2个)
1566年到1609年之间,在尼德兰发生了资产阶级革命。
当时的尼德兰包括今天的荷兰、比利时、卢森堡三国和法国北部的一部分。它的资本主义经济发展的早,成长较快。1566年8月,尼德兰各地先后爆发反对天主教会的圣像破坏运动,进一步发展成了战争。
1567年,尼德兰各地的起义者,已经增加到数万人。但是由于贵族同盟的动摇和妥协,西班牙派来的新总督阿尔巴公爵很快将起义镇压下去。阿尔巴在尼德兰实行恐怖统治,设立“除暴委员会”,起义者约有1.2万人被杀,一些温和派贵族与资产阶级首领被处死。在严峻的形势下,一些人逃到德意志招募军队,企图以武力推翻西班牙新总督的恐怖统治,均没有成功。
此时,以路易为首的“乞丐同盟”在北部沿海组建了“海上乞丐”游击队,以装备有枪炮的轻便船队开展海上游击战,打击西班牙军队。1572年,“海上乞丐”游击队攻占布里尔城,占领荷兰与泽兰省,并推举威廉为两省执政。
阿尔巴亲自率军围剿,收复很多失地,最后围攻莱登。1574年8月,威廉指挥起义军掘开海堤,海水无情地淹没了很多西班牙军队,阿尔巴被迫下令撤军。
1576年9月,布鲁塞尔人民起义推翻了西班牙在尼德兰的统治机构。11月,以威廉为代表的荷兰、泽兰省与南方各省签订了旨在实现南北统一的《根特协定》,共同反对西班牙统治,由于双方在宗教等问题上存在分歧,加之西班牙军队尚有强大实力,《根特协定》没有落实。1579年,西南几省的贵族同盟宣布,仍然承认西班牙对尼德兰的统治;而北方各省则不屈不挠,成立了“乌得勒支同盟”,继续反抗西班牙。1581年7月,以“乌得勒支同盟”为基础的北方七省,召开三级会议,通过《誓绝法案》,宣布废黜西班牙国王腓力二世,正式成立了“联省共和国”。由于荷兰省在联省中的经济和政治地位最重要,所以“联省共和国”又称“荷兰共和国”,简称“荷兰”。联省共和国成立后马上与英、法结盟,继续与西班牙作战。到了1609年,西班牙在英西战争和胡格诺战争中连遭失败,国王腓力三世被迫与联省共和国签订12年停战协定,事实上承认了荷兰独立。至此,尼德兰的资产阶级革命在北方获得了完全胜利。
尼德兰地区,也就是西班牙帝国最精华的部分独立,西班牙帝国失去了帝国一半以上的收入,西班牙帝国受到了最沉重的打击,一蹶不振。
西班牙帝国失去荷兰,就好比广东失去了珠三角,江苏失去了长三角,陕西失去了关中,简直就是要了亲命,西班牙永远失去了崛起为一个大国的可能性。
而荷兰以一个新兴的资本主义强国的姿态走进历史。
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