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郑和(约1371—1435年),本姓马,名和,小字三保或三宝,云南省昆阳(今昆明市晋宁县)宝山乡和代村人。他的祖先原是居住在西域的穆斯林,后来迁居到云南。他的祖父和父亲因为曾经到伊斯兰教的圣地麦加朝圣过,所以均被人称作马哈只(即巡礼人)。元亡明兴,明洪武十四年(1381年),明太祖朱元璋命大将傅友德等率明军平定云南,马和一家失散于战乱之中,年仅8岁左右的小马和被素有掳掠幼童行为的明军劫入军中,并被阉割,成为仆僮。明洪武十八年(1385年),傅友德奉命北征塞外,少年马和随军北上。洪武二十三年(1390年),傅友德军改由燕王朱棣指挥,可能就在这一年,傅友德为了讨好朱棣,将年已19岁的亲随马和送给了朱棣,从此,马和成了朱棣众多随从中的一员。洪武三十一年(1398年),明太祖朱元璋死后,燕王朱棣在北方发动“靖难之役”,与建文帝争夺皇位。永乐二年(1404年)永乐皇帝在夺得皇位后论功行赏时,马和因在一次发生在郑村坝(今北京市东坝)的战斗中立有战功,被皇上御笔亲书“郑”字为姓。从此,马和改姓郑,成为郑和。
郑和得到永乐皇帝的赏识,很快升为皇宫中的大总管。明朝太监的地位与权势是中国历史上最高最大的。郑和作为太监的首领,更是被授予种种使命,为皇上东奔西走。在执行皇上使命中,郑和耗尽毕生精力,并为之献身的,便是七次受命出使西洋。
郑和首次奉命出使西洋,是在明永乐三年(1405年)。永乐皇帝派遣郑和率领一支人数多达27000余人、船只208艘的船队出航的目的,一是为了通告海内外,新的王朝建立了;二是想通过船队的广泛的活动,寻找在“靖难之役”中失踪的建文帝;三则是为了满足皇室贵族们的奢欲,到海外购置珍奇异物。从此,郑和分别于1407年、1409年、1413年、1417年、1421年(以上均在永乐年间)和1431年(宣德年间),先后七次率领堪称15世纪世界上规模最大的远洋船队航行到东南亚、西亚、印度洋、红海、波斯湾和非洲东部。他的航线最远到达非洲的东部海岸、南半球水域的麻林地(今非洲肯尼亚的马林迪),开辟了多达50多条的航路,与几十个国家和地区进行政治、经济的交往,前后持续了28年之久。这一切都是空前绝后的壮举,郑和也因此成了世界航海史上最伟大的航海家之一。
郑和第七次下西洋时,在返航的途中,病死在古里国(即今印度卡里卡特),归葬南京牛首山。郑和死后,明初的这一轰轰烈烈的下西洋活动也随之结束了。这种倾一国之力,逞皇帝一人之志的航海活动随之终结。这不但标志着明朝航海活动的结束,更重要的是有着辉煌航海文明的中华民族从此退出了航海民族之列,中国的航海文明到郑和为止划上了句号。
但作为航海家,郑和留给我们的遗产是丰厚的。虽然,郑和死后,有关航海的官方档案都被藏匿或销毁了,但跟随郑和航海的随行人员记录、撰写的各种文献,为今天的人们描绘出了当时各方面的情况。如马欢的《瀛涯胜览》、费信的《星槎胜览》,还有后来被收在《筹海图编》一书中而保存下来的《郑和下西洋航海图》,都是我国航海史上里程碑式的典籍。
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