推荐回答(1个)
内源性干扰因素一般包括类风湿因子、补体、高浓度的非特异免疫球蛋白 、异嗜性抗体、某些自身抗体、因使用鼠抗体治疗或诊断诱导的抗鼠Ig抗体、交叉反应物质等。在日常的临床血清(浆)标本中,有相当比例不同程度的含有上述各种干扰物质,从而导致测定结果的假阳性。
1.类风湿因子(rheumatoid factors,RF)在类风湿患者、其他疾病以及正常人血清中,常含有较高或不同浓度的RF,RF一般为TgM型,亦有IgG和IgA型,RF具有与变性IgG产生非特异结合的特点,因为在ELISA测定中,其可与固相上包被的特异抗体IgG以及随后加入的酶标的特异抗体IgG结合,从而出现假阳性结果。尤其是在捕获法IgM型特异抗体的测定中表现最为明显,因为此时固相包被的抗体为抗人弘链抗体,IgM型RF的存在可使其大量结合于固相。为避免RF对ELISA测定的干扰,通常可以采取下述措施:
(1)稀释标本:这在判断急性病原体感染的特异IgM抗体如抗HAVIgM,抗HBclgM, TORCH的IgM抗体检验等尤为有用。因为急性感染时,血循环中特异的IgM抗体滴度通常很高,而RF滴度通常相对要低得多。因此,在测定前对标本进行稀释,特异的IgM因高滴度存在仍可检出,而非特异的RF则会因为稀释变成非常低的滴度,从而对测定几乎不产生干扰。现在,有些特异IgM检测ELISA试剂 盒不要求稀释标本,直接检测,这样虽然方便了实验室技术人员的操作,但容易出现假阳性结果,并且由于某些慢性感染,如HBV的感染,血循环中抗HBelgM可持续以一定的滴度存在,标本不做稀释即进行检测,即可出现阳性结果,从而失去抗HBclgM用于HBV急性感染的诊断价值。因此,在临床实验室,一定要使用要求对标本做1:1000稀释的试剂盒进行检验,从而保证相应检测项目结果的可靠性及临床应用价值。
(2)改变酶标抗体:由于RF结合的是IgG的Fc片段,如果将待酶标的抗体的F,片段酶切夫除,仅留下具有特异结合功能的F(ab’)2部分标记酶,则在测定中即可避免RF的干扰。
(3)标本中RF用变性IgG预先封闭:将经热变性(63℃,10min)的动物如兔、羊等的IgG加入到标本稀释液中,或是将该变性IgG连接至一颗粒固相如聚苯乙烯微球或微孔,然后加入临床血清标本,反应后,再吸出标本进行检测。此外,在测定特异IgM时,也可使用抗人IgG去除临床标本中RF和IgG。
(4)测定抗原 时,可在标本中加入可使RF降解的还原剂:如2—巯基乙醇。2—巯基乙醇等还原剂可使抗体内的巯基裂解,因而可以去除RF的干扰,但只适用于抗原测定。
(5)包被或酶标二抗使用特异的鸡抗体IgY:RF不与鸡IgY反应,如果包被和酶标二抗均为鸡IgY抗体,则不受标本中RF的干扰。
2.补体在固相酶免疫测定中,来自哺乳动物的固相特异抗体和酶标二抗均有激活人补体系统的功能。一方面,固相抗体和酶标二抗可因为其在固相吸附及结合过程中,抗体分子发生变构,从而其F, 段的补体C1,结合位点被暴露出来,这样C1,就成为一个中介物将二者交联起来,从而出现假阳性结果。另一方面,固相抗体也会因为活化补体的结合,封闭抗体的抗原表位结合能力,而引起假阳性结果或使定量测定结果偏低。由补体引起的干扰可通过下述方法避免:
(1)对临床血清标本加热灭活补体:采用56~C30min加热可使标本中的补体C1。灭活。
(2)包被或酶标二抗使用特异的鸡抗体:鸡抗体不激活人的补体系统,因此,使用特异的鸡抗体,不会出现因补体激活而存在的假阳性和假阴性干扰。
3.异嗜性抗体(heterophilieantibodies)人类血清中含有抗啮齿类动物(如鼠、马、羊等)的免疫球蛋白(lg)的抗体,即天然的异嗜性抗体。有研究表明,天然的异嗜性抗体(lgG)可分为两类,一类(85%的假阳性由其引起)可结合于山羊、小鼠、大鼠、马和牛IgG的Fab区域,但不与兔IgG的Fab区结合。另一类(15%的假阳性由其引起)可结合于小鼠、马、牛和兔IgG的Fc区表位,但不与山羊和大鼠IgG的Pc区表位结合。异嗜性抗体可通过交联固相和酶标的单抗或多抗而出现假阳性反应。由异嗜性抗体引起的干扰可通过下述方法避免:
(1)使用特异的兔F(ab’)2。片段作为固相或测定酶标抗体。
(2)在标本或标本稀释液中加入过量的动物Ig,封闭可能存在的异嗜性抗体。但加入量不足或亚类不同时无效。
(3)使用靶特异的非Ig亲和蛋白(affibody)替代固相或酶标抗体之一。采用噬菌展示来自单个金黄色葡萄球A蛋白(SPA)联合文库的人IgA结合亲和蛋白,用于IgA的测定,不受异嗜性抗体的影响。
4.因使用鼠抗体治疗或诊断诱导的抗鼠Ig抗体在临床上,有尝试使用鼠源性单克隆抗体进行靶向治疗,及使用放射性核索标记鼠源性单克隆抗体进行影像诊断等,均有可能
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