试述三种肌组织的异同点

2025-04-02 18:51:31
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

一.平滑肌Smooth muscle
(一)结构特点:纤维长梭形,成束整齐排列,不显横纹,一个核位于细胞中央。纤维长30~500μm,EM下,肌原纤维由肌微丝构成,化学成分为肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白,不受意识支配。
(二)分布:胃肠道、呼吸道、泌尿生殖道、血管等
二.骨骼肌Skeletal muscle
(一)组织结构(横纹肌,受意识支配)肌纤维呈长圆柱状,长1~4mm,直径10~100μm,OM下,肌纤维上可见到横纹,细胞核可多达几百个,紧贴在肌纤维膜下。肌浆内有大量肌原纤维,基质内含肌红蛋白,维持肌肉的颜色,并贮存肌肉收缩时需要的氧气。根据肌原纤维与肌红蛋白含量的不同,肌纤维分两种:
红肌纤维:肌红蛋白多,肌浆多,肌原纤维少,收缩力弱,持久(鸟类)
白肌纤维:肌红蛋白少,肌浆少,肌原纤维多,收缩力强,易疲劳(哺乳类)
1.肌原纤维Myofibril,细丝状,与肌纤维长轴平行排列,在偏振光显微镜下,可以看到明暗相间的横纹交替出现,每一肌原纤维上的明带与暗带平行排列在同一平面上,故肌纤维上有整齐的纹。
明带(I)带中有一条较深的线,叫Z线(间线)
暗带(A)带中有一较浅的区,叫H带,其中有一细线,叫M线(中线)
肌节:相邻两条Z线之间的肌原纤维,称为一个肌节。包括一个完整暗带(A)和两个1/2的明带(I)
EM下,肌原纤维由肌微丝形成,肌动蛋白细丝和肌球蛋白粗丝相间平行排列,明带中只有细丝,暗带中有粗、细两种丝,H带中只有粗丝。
2.横小管与肌浆网
横小管transverse tubule,肌浆网sarcoplasmic reticulum是骨骼肌与心肌中的滑面内质网。在明带与暗带交界处,由肌纤维膜下陷形成横小管(T管)。肌浆网紧贴肌原纤维外面沿纵轴排列,在横小管两侧形成终池。两侧终池与中间的横管形成三联体。肌浆网上有Ca++泵,可将肌浆内Ca++泵入肌浆网内。
(二)收缩机制
为滑动学说,一个肌节内,肌动蛋白细丝向粗丝内插入,使明带变窄,而暗带不变,肌节变短。
三.心肌Cardiac muscle
(一)结构特点
1.肌纤维圆柱状,肌原纤维少,横纹不明显
2.1~2个圆形核位于中央
3.肌纤维有分支,并吻合,但有明显的界线
4.OM线可以见到较深的阶梯状横线,是肌纤维间的结合处,叫闰盘
5.二联体
6.浦氏纤维
(二)分布 心脏本身核心脏附近的大血管,无再生能力。

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回答2:

相同点
1、都是由肌细胞组成的
2、都具有收缩和舒张的功能
3、他们收缩时能引起躯体和各种器官的运动
不同点
骨骼肌和心肌属于横纹肌.骨骼肌受躯体神经支配,为随意肌;心肌和平滑肌受植物神经支配,为不随意肌

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